Crude oil

Crude oil is a necessity for the emerging as well as the existing industries all over the world. It has the power to affect production because it's a raw material which Is used for producing petrol etc. The fluctuations In the price of crude oil can affect the economy on a large scale. The price of crude oll Is affected by the demand and the supply like any other good. In times of bottlenecks the price Is expected to rise whereas when there is an oversupply of crude oll the price tends to fall. Crude oil prices have varied over the last 50 years.In June, OPEC production fell by 370,000 barrels, this was mainly caused due to hindrances such as conflicts In the Middle East and the production strikes In Nlgerla . As a result this affected the price of crude 011 and It rose substantially. The prices of crude oll were subject to some major fluctuations In recent years. It can be observed that the price of crude 011 rose as much as $140/barrel approximately in 2008. 1n the same year it fel l as low as $40,' barrel approximately. In the years 2010 and 2011 it constantly increased from $80,' barrel and reached a maximum price of $122/barrel approximately.In the years 2012 and 201 3 the price of crude oil fluctuated in the range of $100/barrel and $120/ barrel. High crude oil prices can be responsible for cost push inflation in the economy. Cost push inflation is caused mainly due to an increase in the price of raw material. Crude oil is a raw material and is predominantly used for transportation. Transportation is a vital part of the production process. Increase in the price of crude il would mean that the transportation costs increase. This in turn affects the production cost and finally the high costs fall heavily on the consumers in the form of high prices.The Oil market has been unstable since the 1970's and has been overblown by many serious disruptions. As a result the oil market has lost its market share and people have now shifted to other energy sources availab le . The market for alternative energy sources has expanded as its much cheaper then crude oil. People have now shifted to cheaper fuels such as natural gas, bio-diesel etc. However other ut expensive alternatives of crude oil have also emerged for e. g. Carbon free cars, these are cars which run on rechargeable battery and they are also environment friendly.Crude oil is one of the major energy source and most of the countries still consume It heavily-UK imports crude oll and as a result its suffering from Imported Inflation currently. The crude oil prices are expected to Increase In the near future and this In turn would further contribute to Inflation In the economy. If the prices of crude oll aren't controlled then It can be said that Crude oll will continue to lose Its arket share -In order to bring stablllty In the oll market It needs to get rid of disruptions caused by various conflicts In the oll producing countries. rude oil By ‘hatewar world. It has the power to affec t production because it's a raw material which is used for producing petrol etc. The fluctuations in the price of crude oil can affect the economy on a large scale. The price of crude oil is affected by the demand and the supply like any other good. In times of bottlenecks the price is expected to rise whereas when there is an oversupply of crude oil the price tends to fall. Crude oil barrels, this was mainly caused due to hindrances such as conflicts in the Middle East and the production strikes in Nigeria .As a result this affected the price of crude oil and it rose substantially. The prices of crude oil were subject to some major fluctuations in recent years. It can be observed that the price of crude oil rose as much as $140/barrel approximately in 2008. 1n the same year it fell as low as $40/ barrel approximately. In the years 2010 and 2011 it constantly increased from $80/ and 2013 the price of crude oil fluctuated in the range of $100/barrel and $120/ hare and people have now shifted to other energy sources available .The market for consume it heavily. UK imports crude oil and as a result its suffering from imported inflation currently. The crude oil prices are expected to increase in the near future and this in turn would further contribute to inflation in the economy. If the prices of crude oil aren't controlled then it can be said that Crude oil will continue to lose its market share . ln order to bring stability in the oil market it needs to get rid of disruptions caused by various conflicts in the oil producing countries.

How Has Computer Hacking Interfered Modern Society Essay

How has computing machine choping inferred modern society? In this transition I will be speaking briefly about the basicss of computing machine choping from the yesteryear to the present. Computer hacking has changed more over clip ensuing in computing machine outgrowths to corporate system closures. This research paper will be speaking about three major parts of computing machine hacking. The first construct of hacking is the beginning of creative activity. The following portion will be how hacking has affect on the contemporary society. Finally. the last piece of information will be traveling over the hereafter of system choping. What is a drudge you may inquire your ego but non hold an reply or one word phrase for the term? A drudge has ever been a sort of cutoff or alteration. a manner to short-circuit or make over the standard operation of an object or system. The first computing machine hackers emerge at MIT. They borrow their name from a term to depict members of a theoretical account train group at the school who hack the electric trains. paths. and switches to do them execute faster and otherwise. A few of the members transfer their wonder and set uping accomplishments to the new mainframe calculating systems being studied and developed on campus. Choping groups begin to organize. Among the first are Legion of Doom in the United States. and Chaos Computer Club in Germany. The film â€Å"War Games† introduces the populace to choping. A computing machine hacker intends to destroy concerns executing an act much more unprincipled than an enthusiastic life scientist ‘hacking’ off at work or theory. The truth is that computing machine hacking is in fact easy in the general sense. but more consideration must be given. Some facets of choping are used in mundane life and you may non cognize that accessing wireless cyberspace from another person’s history is considered wireless choping even though your adoption there connexion. During the 1970’s. a different sort of hacker appeared: the phreaks or phone hackers. They learned ways to chop the telephonic system and do phone calls for free. Within these group of people. a phreaker became celebrated because a simple find. John Draper. besides known as Captain Crunch. found that he could do long distance calls with a whistling. He built a blue box that could make this and the Esquire magazine published an article on how to construct them. Fascinated by this find. two childs. Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs. decided to sell these bluish boxes. get downing a concern friendly relationship which resulted in the initiation of Apple. By the 1980’s. phreaks started to migrate to computing machines. and the first Bulletin Board Systems ( BBS ) appeared. BBS are like the yokel groups of today. were people posted messages on any sort of subject. The BBS used by hackers specialized in tips on how to interrupt into computing machines. how to utilize stolen recognition card Numberss and portion stolen computing machine watchwords. It wasn’t until 1986 that the U. S. authorities realized the danger that hackers represented to the national security. As a manner to antagonize this threat. the Congress passed the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. doing computing machine interrupting a offense across the state. During the 1990’s. when the usage of the cyberspace became widespread around the universe. hackers multiplied. but it wasn’t until the terminal of the decennary that system’s security became mainstream among the populace. Today. we are accustomed to hackers. crackers. viruses. Trojans. worms and all of the techniques we need to follow to battle them. Hackers were classified into three unusual types the first class is called In-house hacker. In-house hacker is an employee who is responsible for operating and keeping the system. who interacts instantly with the system as a coder or informations entry employee and is cognizant of all the system security capablenesss and spreads. He and should be the guard of the system but for different motives he hacks the system and gets what he needs bewraying all the trust given to him. The 2nd type is called ace hacker who doesn’t interact with the system but at the same clip proctors the system on day-to-day footing and has an oculus on what is traveling on and what type of informations is entered at what clip so depending on the entries he decides the minute he should acquire these information and recover them for personal motives while the 3rd type is called professional hacker and this hacker is really strong and capable of acquiring any type of informations. he has the ability of carrying the user or the operator to supply him with the needed information by programming fast ones or user friendly screens and this sort of hackers frequently gets alone preparation specially when being used in military undertakings as what happened in the cold war. Thesiss are merely brief ways hackers have impacted the modern universe we all live in. Within the past twelvemonth at that place have been two major instances right in the country. Both involve extended harm. and both are presently in tribunal. The closest instance is that of Thomas Crandall. otherwise known as St. Elmo’s Fire. Crandall is accused of estroying attending and subject records in a computing machine at Central Technical and Vocational Center. Police charge that Crandall used a personal computing machine at his place to entree the computing machine. He is besides accused of making $ 25. 000 in harm to files at Waste Management Inc. of Oakbrook. Ill. Crandall’s lawyer claims that many other pupils besides had entree to the computing machine. and that to individual out Crandall in unjust. Hackers are responsible of the immense development in computing machine and cyberspace engineering. but these yearss we consider them as stealers and interlopers who penetra ted our ain privateness and used the accomplishments they were buttockss for their ain benefit. Hackers have different sentiments and motives. However. they all portion the spirit of challenge and ever seeking to turn out their capablenesss of making what all believe is impossible possibly because they were mistreated. or uncertainties surrounded their abilities and past accomplishments. Hackers believe that information should be shared and they fight against information owning. Effectss that choping caused and still doing to the society can’t be ignored. Hacking nowadays is taking new stages and the danger is increasing because we are now populating in a society that runs by ICT. and any onslaught to the ICT particularly in advanced states will do critical effects. ICT still lacks a powerful security tools that are capable of tracking. catching hackers. and protecting computing machine systems from their onslaughts. My ain position is that the best manner to protect ICT from hackers is to analyze their psychological science and seek to understand their manner of thought. because hackers are human existences. who have two sides ; evil and good. and they used to demo their good side but all of a sudden they turned to be evil. The grounds which caused the transmutation from good to evil persons should be studied and given the highest precedence in the war against hackers because since we put our custodies on the cause. we can repair it to make for better effects. Peoples can grocery store. earn grades. receive bank statements and pay measures from their laptop or Personal computer. The possibilities are endless when it comes to simplifying life with the aid of the World Wide Web. but at the same clip possibilities are eternal hackers to perplex your life with cyber offenses. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines a hacker as both â€Å"an expert at programming and work outing jobs with a computer† and â€Å"a individual who illicitly additions entree to and sometimes tamping bars with information in a computing machine system. † Those three grounds I have stated above were the hackings past present and future. Until engineering Michigans turning the possibility of hackers is limited less.

Commentary on Jonathan Swift’s Essay “A Modest Proposal” Essay

Jonathan Swift cleverly illustrates a very â€Å"humble† solution to the crisis in Ireland in his personal essay, â€Å"A Modest Proposal. † His voice urges annoyance and frustration, evoking a tone of sarcasm. Through the use of cynical language, he creates an intense and informative response. He uses language to create imagery which he intends to elicit a response of shock and moral responsibility. His intention is to mock Ireland and the economic crisis they have got themselves in. Swift appropriately chooses strong imagery and describes a â€Å"melancholy object† that comes from walking through Irish streets and seeing â€Å"beggars of the female sex† and â€Å"three, four, or six children, all in rags. † Swift wants this image to convey the severe challenges that Ireland is facing. These women are panhandling for food, instead of working â€Å"for their honest livelihood,† and that influences their children to do the same or leave for the â€Å"Pretender in Spain. The â€Å"deplorable state† of Ireland is causing grave situations for the impoverished. The English Protestants have been mistreating the Irish, and England has â€Å"consumed† Ireland. Because of England, Ireland faces a lack of power, and Swift uses this verisimilitude in order to take advantage of his satire and to present the â€Å"devouring† of poverty-stricken infants of Irish born mothers. The circumstances in Ireland at that time, the key parallel between both situations are their shared consequence: a country destined to collapse. Swift’s arguments against their current â€Å"schemes† of Ireland are well constructed and convincing. The children or the mothers will no longer beg for â€Å"charity† on the streets. â€Å"A child will make two dishes,† and will be offered in sale to people. This will bring quality and fortune, through the nation. He has â€Å"maturely weighed the several schemes of other projectors. † He believes that these â€Å"schemes† are much miscalculated in their â€Å"computation. † If the previous â€Å"schemes† had worked then there would be no poverty or â€Å"voluntary abortions. He uses strong diction to let one know that he is not proud of his country or the people. His proposal makes complete logical sense. He has everything figured out. Certain terms he uses when he compares the Irish children to farm animals, and that they should be â€Å"consumed. † Diction such as â€Å"stock,† â€Å"pigs,† â€Å"cattle,† â€Å"fatten them up,† all imply to Swift’s analogy to people and livestock. This implies that the Irish just stand around and bend down to an authority of a higher power, and also that the English treat the Irish as worthless workers. The Irish are valuable in financial means to their owners and so are livestock. The Irish just marry and bear children, and wait for wealth to come. This is just what the English want, they want the Irish to be weaker and not take a stand. Therefore, Swift quite subtly proposes that instead of these children being a burden on the already poor parents, the children should â€Å"contribute† themselves to the nation in a form of food or clothing. Swift uses imagery to set the tone of voice and to consistently keep it going throughout the essay. He conjures up images to create an illusion that the solution to the economic crisis in Ireland is quite effortless to solve. Swift is expecting the Irish people to understand that they are responsible of the crisis and they have no patriotism towards their own country. This imagery is created because of language, he expects the people of the nation to do something about the â€Å"distresses† being faced. Swift consistently repeats women and children â€Å"begging,† he wants to clarify that he’s not only writing an essay about the economy but also about moral responsibility of the nation. He explains about the â€Å"voluntary abortions;† these women murder their children because they can’t afford to provide for their children. He constantly explains the â€Å"present distresses,† expressing his frustration and shame towards the country. Swift is generous with his disdain and his ironic representations are not only meant to criticize the society of Ireland, but also to motivate the Irish to take action in rectifying the damage that Ireland has tolerated. Swift has no other motive but to only hope for the public good and â€Å"public consideration. †

Effect of corporal punishment on later delinquency rate Dissertation

Effect of corporal punishment on later delinquency rate - Dissertation Example Center of discussion in this paper is corporal punishment as use of physical force to elicit pain or discomfort, but not injury, to correct or punish a particular behavior of a child. Strength of physical force may vary from just a light slap to spanking or lashing with some object. In literature spanking, beating, whipping hitting and other euphemisms has been used for corporal punishment. There are basically three different levels at which corporal punishment are instituted. At a domestic level it involves families where children are punished either by their parents or other senior members of family. At a school level children are disciplined using corporal punishment mostly by the principle of that institution or sometimes by the teachers themselves. The third level is the judicial level where court sentence some form of corporal punishment to modify the anti-social behavior of a criminal. Corporal punishment is an ancient trend. It was associated to religious aspects not long ago in the ideology of original sins and possession by devils. After going through much of the literature the author noticed that researchers are of two different opinions when it comes to corporal punishment. Some believes corporal punishment is incorporated in effective parenting and required to prevent any individual to develop anti-social behavior while others believe that corporal punishment leads to negative emotions capable of invoking anti-social behavior.... The exhibition of these boiling emotions may not be immediate but they will become evident in later on and as I mentioned earlier the picture varies depending on many different elements. It gives birth to a volcano dormant initially; giving a false sense that the treatment of corporal punishment is working but dilemma arise when countdown stop and explosions begins. It is possible for child to develop hatred and anger towards the person institutionalizing the punishment. So it is very important to identify those who are directly involved to understand their influence on the child. As discussed earlier the first two levels of corporal punishment involve parents and teachers. These two are the main institutions to provide the basic learning and guidance that can invoke consciousness in a child and make him a good person. Imagine if they both are at fault in the mind of that innocent child. The consequences can be disastrous. Not all parents react in same way when their child misbehaves . Some will punish regularly, some rarely and others may not punish them at all but majority falls under the second category. (Straus et al 1994). When corporal punishment is properly planned, controlled and without overwhelming emotions it is called Instrumental Corporate Punishment. On the contrary if it is sudden, uncontrolled and with the outburst of emotions it is said to be Impulsive Corporate Punishment. It has been analyzed by many researches that those parents using Instrumental type often punish them on regular basis hence their children are more receptive. It follows the principle of negative reinforcement. When parents use corporate punishment and child complies, it negatively reinforces parents to stop such

Respiratory therapy case study asthma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Respiratory therapy case study asthma - Essay Example P: The patient must be treated aggressively since she is presenting symptoms of life-threatening exacerbations of asthma, including: severe asthma history, poorly controlled asthma, psychological factors/anxiety, previous hospitalization for asthma, and history of intubations with mechanical ventilation. Albuterol must also be stopped as this further aggravates bronchospasm. Hence, the following respiratory care protocol must therefore be administered: (1) 100 percent nonrebreather face mask, (2) continuous SaO2 monitor/pulse oximetry, (3) inhaled short acting beta2-agonist hourly or continuously with the addition of anticholinergic, (4) IV fluid is a must since insensible water losses are increased with the work of breathing. IV hydration also helps in reducing viscosity and mucus plugging; however, urine input and output should be monitored to avoid overhydration, (5) intravenous corticosteroids, (6) CBC, electrolytes, ABG, chest radiograph, EKG, and theophylline level should be o btained (Veteran Health Administration, 2002). Leukotriene modifiers is known for its anti - inflammatory effects and should be added to the aforementioned medications (Louisiana State University database, 2006). Additionally, ABG revealed that patient has metabolic acidosis (HCO3- 19 mmol/L), an ominous sign of asthma. The patient has metabolic acidosis as a compensatory mechanism of impending respiratory alkalosis. Treating the underlying causes of respiratory alkalosis such as anxiety and asthma per se is a must to avoid further complication. It should be noted that if possible, intubation and mechanical ventilation should be avoided if at all possible, because the â€Å"underlying dynamic hyperinflation will worsen with positive-pressure ventilation† (Werner, 2001). Inspection: high fowler’s position, pursed-lips breathing, cyanotic, using accessory muscles of inspiration,

Project as an Intern at a Design Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Project as an Intern at a Design Film - Essay Example This all depended on appropriate time scale, enough budget allocation and good client communication, since the work of a designer is turning a concept into reality. In the long run the design processes included experimental, routine and fashion designs. Another key is the assembly of the client team which gave an outline of factors to be considered when hiring personnel in the business, which resulted in overcoming the cultural and operational differences experienced. The last key is the briefing process, which defined the project objectives, specific business opportunities to be realized and the scope for creating opportunities for the firm. Shortlisting of qualified design consultants was paramount as their main function in the business was to provide professional design solutions so that the client needs are met. Appointed design consultants were to specifically give shape to responses made by the clients. They provided polished design criteria for projects which comprised of gene ral overview of the project, intellectual, functional, technical and accommodation design criteria’s. ... Introduction to Finance Every business is formed on a strong financial base for it to properly carry out its operations of making profits. Most of the spheres affected by the financial principles of the design firm were contract management, administration of contracts, resourcing, budget and cost planning. The module, introduction to finance introduced the basic corporate and personal finance concepts, the time value for money, financial markets, shares and bonds, financial risk and return, ways of raising money and elements of investment. In addition the major components of finance included institutions and markets under which there were banks and other financial institutions, and the Federal Reserve System fell (Melicher and Norton 115). Finally, financial management comprised of business organization, financial analysis and long term financial planning, managing working capital and capital budgeting analysis. These principles served as the foundation of finance relating to the des ign business during my internship. Through financial analysis: the differences between manager and stakeholders are identified, time value of money, and higher returns were realized by taking more risks as the diversification of interests reduced risks. The design business had a financial system where the financial capital flowed with the aid of markets, intermediaries and regulation from savings to investments in the economy (Melicher and Norton 328). Melicher and Norton (251) argue that money markets are where the debt securities maturing within one year or less are traded while the capital markets are debt securities that mature longer than one year are traded. The major types of financial

Violence in video games Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Violence in video games - Research Paper Example Such a lifestyle could only cause the individual to develop obesity among other poor health conditions, which can stimulate other health problems such as heart diseases and blood pressure. Research has gone ahead to show that playing video games increases the risk of suffering from many other diseases such as arthritis, diabetes and many more. Still on the health effects caused by video games, children and other players are likely to experience failing of vision. It is not healthy to the individual’s eyes when one spends long hours staring at the screen of the computer due to too much harmful radiation emitted as light. Many are the times when game addicts spend sleepless nights playing games. Those that do better will sleep late in the night for very few hours. Doctors and other medical officers have done their research and recommended that every human being should sleep for at least seven hours to keep mentally fit. Anyone therefore failing to follow this recommendation coul d be exposing themselves to risks of mental illnesses. This therefore means that by spending sleepless nights playing video games as many addicts do, may most likely invite mental instability to themselves. This implies that sleeping disorder is another health effect caused by playing video games. When students and children get addicted to playing video games, it becomes time consuming. This is how children end up wasting time that could have been used in carrying out better and meaningful activities such as reading and performing other chores.

Stakeholder Comparative Study Case Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Stakeholder Comparative - Case Study Example The companies of interest in this analysis do belong to industries which are very different in nature and which therefore carry different potential and impacts on the regarded interest of the stakeholder they represent. The environment in which they operate in, their industry, the state of their local economy, the overall sizes of their respective industries, their global impacts, their related risks, their economic values are all aspects that are determined in part by the composition of their respective stakeholders and the type of value they are able to offer those from a social, political, and economic perspective. British Land Company plc is the largest property investment company in Britain, with a current portfolio of  £14.6 billion. The Company’s portfolio focuses on areas where the principles of supply and demand have shown to remain strong in the long term. About 41% is invested in large town retail properties, such as Meadowhall Shopping Centre in Sheffield, 88 sup ermarkets and 66 retail warehouses (BL 2007). Another main area of focus of the company is on office properties in central London, with a comparable rate attaining 33% of the company’s overall property portfolio, with notable offices such as the Broadgate Estate, Liverpool Street Station, and Regent’s Place. The Group employs 186 staff members at its headquarters in the London office. Their activities are focused on the integrated core disciplines of strategic property investment, management, development, and financing.  ... The Group outsources the day-to-day operational management of its portfolio, and other non-core disciplines to third party members. The British Land Company's primary objective is to produce superior, sustained and secured long-term shareholder returns via the development, management and financing of chosen real estate activities. The company recognizes that environmental and social considerations should be integrated with everyday working practices and they are embedded into its corporate values. The structure of British Land's corporate responsibility (CR) committee ensures that CR is integrated at every level. The committee consists of the head of each department. Each member has responsibility for a different aspect of CR ( for example, employee volunteering) and reports back to the COO on that area. Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria (SPDC) (SPDC) of Nigeria is a subsidiary of the Royal Dutch/Shell group of companies. SPDC is 100% Shell owned, but it operates a joint venture on behalf of the Nigerian government, to explore and produce crude oil and natural gas. In this joint venture, the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), a state-owned company, has a 55% stake and SPDC has a 30% stake (10% belongs to France's Total and 5% to Italy's Agip). The joint venture is the largest producer of crude oil in Nigeria, with around 1 million barrels of oil per day, accounting for about 40% of the country's oil production (SPDC 2007). SPDC employees almost 5000 staff directly (95% Nigerians). However, another 20.000 people are employed indirectly, because there are many day-to-day activities carried out by sub-contractors (e.g. exploration surveys, drilling for oil, construction of facilities etc.). The mission of SPDC is

Suitability of a relational database structure rather than a Essay

Suitability of a relational database structure rather than a spreadsheet table - Essay Example This research is about determining the suitability of a relational database structure over a spreadsheet table for storing and accessing data for a local arts centre. The local arts centre wants to store and access the information on the various classes and/or workshops offered, the tutors, their specialist areas and the people who sign up for the classes. In this scenario there are two main technology options; we can build a spreadsheet structure for managing these operations or we can develop a relational database system to deal with the operations of the local arts centre. The database can be developed using the spreadsheet and relational database structures. In case of effective development and handling of data and its effective manipulation we have seen that relational database structure offers more facilities and functions. However, the spreadsheet structure is also effective in case of small data management because it is easy to produce and manage. But, in case of huge or complex data management and handling we will surely require the relational database structures. Thus, the local arts centre should choose relational database structure for storing the data.

Organizational Behavior Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Organizational Behavior - Research Paper Example Motivation Defined and Famous Theories The origin of the word ‘motivation’ was examined to have originated from the Latin word ‘movere’ or ‘motum’ which reportedly means ‘to move’ (Webster's collegiate dictionary, 1941). Motivation is defined as â€Å"a whole class of drives, needs, and similar forces that prompt a person to feel, think, and act in certain ways or to develop tendencies for specific behavior† (Martires & Fule, 2004, p. 570). From the definition, it could be deduced that there are complex forces that evidently interact and impinge on the individual or a group of persons to influence them towards a specifically defined direction or goal. These forces are hereby explored in greater detail through an examination of the motivational theories which evolved through time. What makes motivational theories challenging to be applied in the work setting is the diversity within which each person is designed according to ne eds and drives that rationalize their decisions to work. As such, the most competent people who are expected to design strategies that would be deemed most effective in motivating people are leaders or managers. ... onal theories include those that were conceptualized by Maslow in his Hierarchy of Needs theory (Maslow, 1954); Herzberg’s motivation – hygiene theory (Herzberg, 1974); McGregor’s Theory X – Theory Y (McGregor, 1985); as well as the Expectancy Theory by Vroom (Vroom, 1964). However, in contemporary times, although some of these theories seem to be still applicable, there were research studies which were conducted that revealed practitioner applications in clearly identifiable scenarios in an academic setting. The results of the study were presented by Kroth (2007) and shown in Table 1, presented as an Appendix. From the tabular presentation, it could be deduced that motivational theories are deemed to be effective depending on factors which include the kind of working environment, the situation at hand, the personalities of the subordinates, as well as the personality and style exuded by the leader. Motivational Techniques There were identified motivationa l strategies or techniques that could be considered more effective than others. Although it was asserted that the effectiveness in application of the preferred strategies would actually depend on the situation, on a more general facet, five high performance employee motivation techniques were revealed, to wit: (1) provision of challenging and meaningful work; (2) setting clear standards or targets and expectations and being able to effectively measure the performance against these standards; (3) according direct, regular, and supportive feedback; (4) designing roles, tasks, and responsibilities according to the strengths of the employees; (5) empowering people to undertake performance of their duties (Holmes, 2013). It is also important to acknowledge that leaders should be able to first make an accurate

Optimal Bidding Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Optimal Bidding Strategies - Essay Example Game theoretical issues in bidding often form the basis of well defined mathematical models used by bidders in arriving at optimal bidding strategies. Bidders often have varying preferences and capabilities, and thus, one bidder’s strategy may directly impact on another bidder’s strategy, although on the basis of private and independent valuations to the bid. The overall market efficiency may also be influential to the impact and effectiveness of optimization strategies that bidders put in place (Eckbo, 2010, P.55-78). First Price Sealed Bid Sealed bids are often rendered as the seller’s monopoly since information regarding the winning bids and their valuations are open to the seller and hidden to buyers as opposed to open forms where information is available to all participants. First price sealed bid auction is basically a bid where each participating bidder submits a sealed bid hidden from other bidding participants to the auctioneer. The first price sealed bi d is rather referred as a one shot game since bidders winning chances relies on their one time decision and valuation after which the bid manager opens the bids and determines the highest bid as the winning bid. Bidders with the winning market clearing bids must then pay the amounts they set forward as a one shot bid (McGuigan, Moyer, & Harris, 2011, p.594). The first-price sealed bid auction optimal bidding strategy basically lies on submitting bids below one’s private valuation to maximize surplus. Maximization of a bidders expected surplus is dictated by lower a bid that increases surplus potential although on the other hand it reduces probability a bid becoming successful. More so, the probability of a bid becoming successful increases with valuation increase but decreases with an increase in the number of bidders with regards to their strategies and valuations. The basic optimal strategy for the first-price sealed bid auction is for a bidder to bid below the real valuati on in order to make a profit. In case the bidder bids above or equal to the bid valuation, the payment may exceed or equal the bid valuation in case of a win bid, and thus, no optimization is achieved (Sheble. 1999. P.44-151). There are no interactions among bidders in the first price sealed bid auction, since bids are only submitted by participants once. Participants trade between winning more frequently and maximizing profits, and low bidding with regards to the Nash equilibrium. Optimal bidding strategies under independent and uniformly distributed private valuations among bidders calls for a slight overestimation strategy of the winning bid, considering the fact a bidder has the chance of winning when he or she has the highest estimate irrespective of correct bidding based on averages (Kagel & Levin, 2002, p.2). Assumption that all participating bidders are risk-neutral renders the optimal bidding strategies in the first price sealed bid auction as a bidder that emerges the high est bidder among all bidders bidding the highest expected value (Sheble, 1999, p.70). The optimal difference between the value that a bidder opts to bid below private valuation and the actual value basically depends on beliefs of the bidder with regards to rival bidder valuation and strategies. This strikes situational

Third World Immigration Essay Example for Free

Third World Immigration Essay There are 293 million Americans and 65 billion immigrants in the United States.   Every year 85 million more immigrants are coming over.     Ã‚  The prospect of multiculturalism and diversity is outweighed by aspects which the average American may not be too willing to share.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Where these immigrants come from, there is great deprivation brought by lack of food, education, health facilities and lawful order.     Their citizens have not taken concrete steps to improve their lives.   They instead move to America hoping for a much better life, although through illegal means.      Ã‚  America, on the other hand, is a very law-abiding society.   Playing host to illegal aliens runs contrary to their upright and honest norm of life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With the number of immigrants coming into America yearly the cost of living gets higher.   Minimum wage becomes lower because of unskilled workers. Most jobs are created to accommodate the increasing work force.   Instead of these going to Americans, more are going to the immigrants.   Today there are lesser opportunities for Americans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Open borders are safety risks and threatens homeland security.   Undocumented entries pose as much danger as the perpetrators of 9/11.   Several illegal immigrants have been responsible for crimes against peace-loving Americans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The immigrants come to share America’s wealth, which they did not help create.   They come to escape their own poverty, which they want no part in eliminating.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The customs and lore, arts and literature, music and poetry, are uniquely American.   This rich heritage from esteemed ancestors is threatened to drown and be lost to a culture that will no longer define the legacy of the Founding Fathers, the Pioneers, the Settlers, the Union, the Bill of Rights, July 4th,   the Statue of Liberty, the traditions of Thanksgiving Dinners,   Apple Pies, Trick or Treat   and the truth in America the Beautiful. Works Cited Wooldridge, Frosty.   â€Å"Ten Reason for Enforcing America’s Immigration Laws.† 10 July 2007. American Chronicle.   17 August 2007. http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/Article.asp?articleID=31823 Wooldridge, Frosty. â€Å"Illegal Immigration’s Third World Momentum.† 10 October 2005. NewWithViews.com.   17 August 2007. http://www.newswithviews.com/Wooldridge/frosty86.htm

Effects of the Geometrical Conditions on Side Channel Pump

Effects of the Geometrical Conditions on Side Channel Pump Effects of the Geometrical Conditions on the Performance of a Side Channel Pump: A review Appiah Desmond, Zhang Fan, Yuan Shouqi and Osman Majeed Koranteng National Research Center of Pumps, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China Abstract The side channel pump is a type of regenerative pump which plays a role in between the centrifugal pump and the positive displacement pump. This kind of pump delivers a high head at relatively small flows compared with other axial and centrifugal pumps even though it requires a low specific speed. This paper firstly focuses on the physical principle behind the flow characteristics illustrating the complex flow inside the side channel pump. Further discussions disclosed that, the hydraulic performance of the pump greatly depends on the variations of the geometrical parameters. This review draws conclusion that, enhancement of the computational modeling techniques will improve the efficiency of this pump thereby broadening its applications. Keywords: Side Channel Pump, Hydraulic Performance, head, geometrical parameters, computational modeling 1.0 Introduction The side channel pump since its inception in 1920 by Siemen and Hinsch [1] has had great influence in the world of engineering. This pump plays a role in between the centrifugal pump and the positive displacement pump. The side channel pump is a kind of regenerative pump which has a low specific speed and requires minimal Net Suction Pump Head (NSPH). Due to its unique properties to self-prime and transports both liquids and gas, it has been used mainly in the fields of oil and gas industry, mining and other applicable fields. Most of these pumps have the ability to handle liquid with gas or vapor inclusions up to about 50% and also other media close to their boiling point [2]. The side channel pumps base its operation on the momentum transfer principle moving from the impeller blade to the fluid in the side channel of the pump [3, 4]. The side channel pump delivers a large head performance at relatively small flows [5]. The fluid gets into the pump and leaves after numerous impeller movements. The fluid velocity and its head increase causing it to have the capability to produce a head (pressure) compared to the axial and centrifugal pumps. Due to the smaller pressure difference, a fluid entering this type of pump closer to its vapor pressure is less susceptible to the pressure change that can bring about cavitation[4]. Over the years, the enhancement of the total efficiency of this pump still remains a challenge to engineers and scientist. The flow rate of fluid in the side channel pump is significantly influenced by the impeller designs on this basis urgent attention needs to be given to the design and optimization of the impeller and side channel [5, 6]. 2.0 Flow Mechanism The side channel pump mainly features a side channel in figure 1a. and an impeller usually with 18 to 26 blades figure 1b, which delivers the fluid circumferentially. The assembly of the side channel and the impeller is shown in figure 1c. The fluid flows in a straight line from the inlet of the pump and leaves through the outlet in a helical form after numerous re-entries into the rotating impeller. This effect causes an upturn in the pump head (pressure) from about 5~10 times better than the impeller of a common pump rotating at the same speed [5, 6]. side channel (b) radial impeller The assembly of side channel and impeller Figure 1: Typical side channel with radial impeller This makes the flow of fluids in this kind of pump very complex as depicted in figure 2. The pump does not transport the same volume of fluid that enters out meanwhile some portion of the fluid moves back into interrupter gap and is conveyed by the pressure side of the blade to the suction side [6]. Shirinov and Oberbeck [3] explained the movement of gas in the side channel pump. They pointed out that the momentum acquired by the blades of the impeller is transferred to the gas. The velocity of the gas is then increased both in the axial and radial direction by the impeller blades in the side channel. Figure 2. Flow pattern of liquids in the Side Channel Pump [5] The turbulence and the circulation models are largely used to describe the performance of the pump and also the characteristic curve computation. The side channel pump efficiency is usually below 40% because it is a type of a regenerative pump [5, 6]. Basically, the flow is very dependent on the orientation of the impeller, impeller blade and the side channel. There are many configurations of the impeller blade and shapes of the channel as depicted in figure 3 by Song et al. [7]. Figure 3: Different kinds of blade and channel shapes [7] A study by Senoo [8] on the influence of the developing area for different geometries of the inlet region of the regenerative pump observed the large channel region at the inlet port as capable of developing high pressure head leading to a better cavitation performance of the pump. Song et al. [7] developed a model for the flow theory in the regenerative pump to help address the lapses in the works of Senoo[8] and Wilson et al. [9] which mainly concentrated on the exchange of momentum of the flow. There were inaccuracies of some of the models suggested by [8, 9] to reduce the losses and slip factor links. This made the accurate prediction of the off-design flow conditions very incapable. Song and his colleagues [7] concentrated on introducing vibrant mathematical algorithms demonstrating the true behavior of the flow in the developing area of the inlet region. They based their research on assumptions which guided them in arriving at some meaningful conclusions. The velocity triangle relation between absolute velocity, V relative velocity, W and the impeller velocity, U was defined based on the velocity triangle in figure 4 at blade inlet, R1 and blade outlet, R2. Figure 4: Velocity triangle at locations R1 and R2 [7] From figure 5, there is no tangential velocity in the front and rear faces of the blade region. Thereby, the continuity was defined in equation 1 based on their first assumption that the flow should be steady and incompressible. (1) Figure 5: Elements of one side channel and blade [7] They developed the first-order nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) for predicting the circulatory velocity which showed a good agreement when its results were compared with that of experimental results. A new branch of fluid mechanics developed in the last decades called Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been employed lately in the modern engineering science to analyze the flow of fluids in turbo machines. The study of the fluid flow in the side channel pump using the CFD tool and an analytical method was the centered of BÓ §hle and Mullers [10] research. They developed an analytical model for the flow taking into consideration some assumptions. A momentum balance was expressed for the control volume of the flow in a circumferential course. (2) Where Cin = uniform velocity in circumferential course Csc = uniform velocity in the side channel à ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ exch = mass exchange flow p = static pressure A =Side channel cross-section area A1 = surface control volume à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ = mean shear stress Figure 6: momentum balance [7] The efficiency of the impeller and side channel was defined as (3) Where ÃŽÂ ·imp = impeller efficiency Pexch = Exchange work Power Pshaft = Power of shaft Phydr = Hydraulic power losses (4) Where ÃŽÂ ·sc= side channel efficiency Peff = effective power à ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚  = side channel pump mass flow g = acceleration due to gravity H = head of side channel pump Cin = uniform velocity in circumferential course = flow rate volume A =Side channel cross-section area Based on the efficiencies of the impeller and the side channel, the efficiency of the side channel pump, ÃŽÂ · was computed to be (5) Later, Kristof and his colleagues [11] also applied the CFD to model the flow course in the side channel pump as displayed in figure 6. A technique was modeled to optimize the orientation of the blade and the shape of the side channel to control the flow losses. They carried out simulations with the k-à Ã¢â‚¬ ° turbulent conditions based on a 40100 cell tetrahedral mesh. Figure 6(a) and (b): Typical flow course with the side channel pump [11] In 2005, Engeda and Raheel [12] presented mathematical tools capable of examining the complex flow inside the regenerative pumps. These mathematical tools were used also used to develop the prediction performance code for regenerative pumps 3.0 Effects of the Geometrical design of the parameters of the Side Channel Pump The performance of the regenerative pump was examined by Iverson [13] with his focus on the shear stress generated by the impeller on the fluids. He then confirmed on his resulting expressions (two shear coefficients and an average impeller velocity) through experimentations. A mathematical tool was proposed by Wilson et al. [9] to investigate the performance of regenerative pumps which used radial blades. Equal pressure head rise and circulatory velocity through the channel region was anticipated by Wilson and his team. Much attention was given to the spiral flow to achieve many ways of curtailing the losses. Their results provided experimental verification after comparing the numerical and experimental performance curves. Yoo et al. [14] also tried to develop advanced mathematical equations to calculate the geometry of the rotating flows. They offered enhanced models to examine the flow rate, the average radii of the inlet and outlet impeller and the slip factor based on the exchan ge of momentum proposal by Wilson et al [9]. The models required an experimental boost to evaluate an empirical number in the proposed experimental model. The effect of the blade angle was not considered thus limiting the applicability as a design tool. The variation of the radial blade numbers, the clearance and the channel region of regenerative pumps were conducted by Shimosaka and Yamazaki [15]. Investigations conducted by varying the dimension of flow channels, impellers and clearances on a regenerative pump concluded that, the characteristic dimension of the flow channel is related to the clearances effects, which in turn influences the pump efficiency. The characteristic dimension of the flow channel was introduced as a special dimension which was given as: (6) Where Rmis the characteristic dimension of flow A is the cross-sectional area of the flow channel is the circumferential length of the blade(vane) Figure 7: Flow channel and blade profile They reported that a suitable Rm would yield a high efficiency of the pump. Therefore, the value of the Rm determines the permissible clearance. The pump efficiency was also strongly influenced by the number of blades (vanes) which is dependent on the characteristic dimension of the flow channel, the thickness and length of the blade and the width ratio as shown in figure 7. It was established that the efficiency of the pump varies with different width ratios of the vane groove which aids in the determination of the blade number. Width ratio,(7) Defining Z = Number of blades D = Diameter of impeller t1 = Peripheral width of blade groove t2 = Peripheral length of blade groove Additionally, Yamazak et al. [16] also carried out works to investigate the efficiency of the regenerative pump. Unlike Shimosaka and Yamazaki [15], they used the non-radial blades and concluded that the blade angle and the cross-sectional area of the flow channel play a vital role in the determination of the head (pressure) loss in the flow channel. Άh = Hs Hmin(8) Where Άh = the magnitude of head loss Hs = the suction head Hmin = the minimum pressure head in flow It was noted that the magnitude of Άh reduces to almost half that of water with the same velocity in the event of high viscous liquid. Motivated especially by the observations made by [15, 16], Grabow [17] also took into consideration the effects of the impeller, the number of blades and the role of the radii and thickness of the blades during his research study. The blade angles were varied to define a very satisfactory exchange of energy and pressure head levels, which in effect helps to evaluate cavitation performance better. Bartolini and Romani [18] also affirm that, the flow rate of the regenerative pumps depends on the optimization of the impeller flow. A new theory was proposed by Badami [19] on the calculation of the circulation flow rate of the regenerative pumps. This model took into account the field of the centrifugal force in both the side channel and the blade orientation. Also, his work also considered the influences of the geometry of the blades (number and angles) and the area of the side channel. Earlier it had been discussed by Sachs and Shirinov [20] that the best number of blades depends directly on the diameter of the impeller and inversely proportional to the side channels size. After that work, Shirinov and Oberbeck[3] then focused their investigations on the transportation of gas in the side channel pump by using different blade profiles. They compared C, V, and Y blade profiles with the radial (T) blade profile as shown in figure 8. Figure 8: Impeller with different blade profiles After comprehensive comparisons, it was established that blade profile C gave an optimal performance at pressures exceeding 20kPa meanwhile at pressures from 100Pa to 20kPa, the impeller with blade profile V (Chevron) recorded an optimal performance because there was a high transfer of momentum from the impeller to the gas inside the side channel within such pressure range. An extensive experimental research was also conducted by Choi et al. [21].Their work was mainly focused on the limitations of [14, 15, 17]. They examined the effects of the geometry on the blade on the efficiency of regenerative pumps. Ten different configurations of blades which comprised straight inclined blades with angles of 0 °,  ±15 °,  ±30 ° and  ±45 ° and chevron impeller blade with chevron angles of 15 °, 30 °, and 45 ° were used in conducting the experiments. The measured performance of the pump were measured based on the dimensionless flow à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢, head coefficient, à Ã‹â€ , efficiency, ÃŽÂ · and power coefficient, à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾. (9) Where Q = volumetric flow rate Qs= rigid-body rotational volume displacement rate (10) H = head Ug = rigid body rotation velocity g = acceleration due to gravity (11) The experimental results showed that the pressure head and the pump efficiency is greatly related to the geometry (shape and angle) of the blade as revealed in figure 9(a) and 9(b). Figure 9(a). Pump curve characteristics for the different blade orientation [21] Figure 9(b). Efficiency curve characteristics for the blade orientations [21] The chevron blade(V-shaped) with chevron angle of 30 ° recorded the highest head performance with a better pump efficiency as revealed in figure 8(a) and 8(b) after a comparative test of all the ten blades showing that there was an optimum chevron angle of around 30 °. This report showed good agreement with the work of [3] because of the high energy transfer at high pressures. The variation of the Reynolds number plays an important role in the performance of the regenerative pump computationally and experimentally. It was established by Horiguchi et al. [22] that, as the Reynolds number declines the pressure head of the regenerative pump rises at low flow rate and reduces at high flow rate. This effect of the Reynolds number is greatly affected by the degree of the shear force applied the impeller and the shear stress exerted by the fluid on the casing wall. Meakhail and Park [23] with the help of the CFD put forward an improved model to enhance the efficiency of the re generative pump. They based their arguments on the experimental works conducted by Meakhail et al. [24], Abdou et al. [25] and Abd El-Messih et al. [26] on the same kind of pump. They then confirmed their numerical model with the experimental results which were in good correlation. Figure 10a: Spiral flow course [23] Figure 10b: Impeller and Side channel dimensions [23] The improved model considered the tip (ÃŽÂ ²2), side (ÃŽÂ ²2s) and inlet (ÃŽÂ ²1) angles since a part of the fluid flowing leaves at the tip of the impeller and the other part of the fluid leaves at the side as indicated in figure 10. The CFX software was used to compare the efficiency of the pump with radial blades of different ÃŽÂ ²2s at the tip of the blade and ÃŽÂ ²1 for the same ÃŽÂ ²2. They confirmed that the side-blade angle has a significant effect on the performance of the side channel pump. The FLUENT software was applied in the examination of the flow of the fluid in this kind of pump by [27, 28]. The experimental results corroborated the CFD analysis. They also used a one-dimensional method to describe the energy transfer inside the regenerative pump and estimate the influence of the geometry of the blade on the efficiency of the pump. The performance of the regenerative pump was examined by Karanth et al. [29] numerically with the help of CFD. They studied the complex nature of the flow of fluid inside the regenerative pump. It was discussed that the number of impeller blades had a great significant on the performance of the pump. The head performance of the pump appreciates with the increase in the number of blades. Following the works of [29] the CFD was also applied by Maity et al. [30] to simulate the flow of fluids in regenerative pumps. It was established from their work that the pressure head loss can be minimized by curving the outlet flow domain as indicated in figure 11. Figure 11: Regenerative Pump model displaying the curvature in the outlet domain [30] It was indicated that there is a high rotating stalling flow at the outlet of the pump because of the reduction of the area. This effect enhances the static and total pressure across the pump. Hence, the curvature in turn increases the net pressure head by reducing the vortex flow as in shown in figure 12. Figure 12: Bar diagram showing the total pressure for the Pump model with outlet domain curvature [30] They also ended that, the net pressure is significantly enhanced by locating the blades on either side of the impeller by offsetting. Moreover, the net pressure is also affected by varying the number of blades on either side of the impeller. Fleder [31] numerically and experimentally examined the effects of the geometry of the blade on industrial side channel pumps in 2012. Two different impeller blade profiles were developed using ANSYS CFX 13.0 and subjected to investigations as shown in figures 13 and 14. Figure 13: Design of the Side Channel Pump [31]Figure 14: Impeller Blade Profiles [31] He concluded his work after comparison of the computational and experimental results. The experimental validation was done with a rotational speed of 750 rpm. The Imp 1 depicted good accordance both numerically and experimentally. Meanwhile, Imp 2 recorded a faster head rise because of the higher circulation frequency. This, in turn produces a greater multi-stage influence as depicted in figure 15. Figure 15: Assessment of the pressure head performance of the simulated and experimental results for Imp 1 and Imp 2[31] In addition, Fleder again with Bohle [32] carried out advanced studies to improve the performance of the side channel pump. In this paper, they extended their scope not only to cover the blade profile. The impeller diameter, the size of the gap, interrupter size, side channel height and the shape of the side channel were the main parameters considered. Variation of the height of the side channel, h, the width of the blade, w and the length of the blade, l, were applied to two different pump models in figure 15. Pump Model A Pump Model A Impeller Diameter = 150 mm Impeller Diameter = 160 mm Gap Size s, = 0.2 mmGap Size s, = 0.4 mm Interrupter size = 300Interrupter size = 460 Side Channel height, h = 35 mmSide Channel height, h = 40 mm Shape of Side Channel = semi-circleShape of Side Channel = Straight Figure 16: Variations in the pump models A and B [32] Figure 17: Parameters of the Side Channel Pump [32] The ICEM software was applied to develop the computational models which were meshed using the structured hexahedral multi-blocks grids. They chose k-w-SST profile to assess the flow fluctuations. It was gathered that the efficiency of the pump is dependent on the ratio of the side channel height, h to the blade length, l. Furthermore, sharper pressure head features and meaningfully greater efficiencies are achieved with a gap reduction of the pump. The work done by [21, 31, 32] on the influence of the blade angle motivated Nejadrajabali et al.[4] in 2016 also to analyze the pattern of the flow and the improvement of the efficiency of the pump by modifying the geometry of the blades. Their focus was on the effect of the variations of the angle of the blade, ÃŽÂ ² numerically on the efficiency of the regenerative pump such as the side channel pump. The investigations were carried out using two sets of impellers i.e. (the symmetric blade angles and asymmetric blades angles). The symmetric blade angles were designed with the same inlet and outlet angles of  ±10o,  ±30o and  ±50o whiles the asymmetric blade angles were also designed with the inlet set to 0o and different outlet angles ranging from  ±10o to  ±50o as illustrated in figure 18. Forward/backward ÃŽÂ ²1,2 =  ±10o Forward/backward ÃŽÂ ²1,2 =  ±30o Forward/backward ÃŽÂ ²1,2 =  ±50o Symmetric blades with equal inlet ÃŽÂ ²1 and outlet ÃŽÂ ²2 angles Forward/backward ÃŽÂ ²2 =  ±10o Forward/backward ÃŽÂ ²2 =  ±30o Forward/backward ÃŽÂ ²2 =  ±50o Asymmetric blades with inlet ÃŽÂ ²1 = 0o Figure 18: Geometrical designs of impellers [4] These geometrical designs were well enhanced with the application of the CFX software using the Reynolds decomposition to evaluate the complete 3D Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations. It was pointed out after the numerical simulations that, the forward symmetric blade angles compared with the other models recorded higher coefficients of heads and displayed a better performance. Recently, Zhang together with his colleagues [33] improved the head pressure performance of the side channel pump by varying the suction side blade angles from 00 to 300 as indicated in figures 19 and 20. Figure 19: Cross-sectional area of the blade [33] Figure 20: The impeller with various suction side blade profile angles indicating ÃŽÂ ¸ = 100, ÃŽÂ ¸ = 200 and ÃŽÂ ¸ = 300 [33] The CFX 14.5 commercial software was used to simulate the turbulence based on the k-w SST model. After experimentally comparing the results with the numerical simulations, it was recognized that the head performance appreciates with increasing suction side blade angles within a certain range. Even though the impeller blade profile with suction angle 300 recorded the optimal head performance, there was no significant advancement in the efficiency of the side channel pump. The regenerative pump (side channel pump) records efficiencies lesser than other types of pumps like the axial and centrifugal pumps. BÓ §hle et al. [34] lately attempted to improve the efficiency of the side channel pump by using the direct method in the context of the CFD simulations to calculate the massive losses which are associated with the various kinds of internal flow patterns of the fluid. The second law of thermodynamics was main physical principle applied in the estimation of the internal losses due to the flow patterns. According to Spurk and Aksels [35] proposal expressed in equation 10, the specific entropy s is a state variable agreeing with the second law of thermodynamics appreciates in all real and irreversible mechanical process in the case of turbomachinery. (12) Where = density of the fluid s = specific entropy u = velocity component in x direction v = velocity component in y direction w = velocity component in z direction x = x coordinate y = y coordinate z = z coordinate = heat flux density vector = Dissipation = local dissipation by heat transfer After the applications of three different models ( i.e. k-à Ã‚ µ model, k-à Ã¢â‚¬ ° model and the k-à Ã¢â‚¬ ° -SST model) to calculate and locate the coefficient of the losses, they remarked that the k-à Ã‚ µ model and k-à Ã¢â‚¬ ° model predicts estimates regions of higher coefficient of losses matched to the k-à Ã¢â‚¬ °-SST model. 4.0 Conclusion Though there have been several investigations into the theory of the flow principle of the fluid and variation of the geometry of the impeller and side channel, t

Assessing The Performance Of Small Business Enterprises Commerce Essay

Assessing The Performance Of Small Business Enterprises Commerce Essay Small business enterprises are managed by the proprietor and the small enterprises settle on the wealth of a country. Small enterprises make extra job. In the start small enterprises resist to execute well as of need of skill and need of preparation. SBEs frequently create their trade in four category of souk, those are transaction, wholesaling, check if and developed. At the similar occasion there are so numerous challenge that small business enterprises have to features. If there is a slump, the banks will not advance cash, they cannot increase the trade and they have to use the coins minerals. Some owner takes up their relatives member so that they cannot rest rotten team. Normally there is an additional dare that the small enterprises visage is the wealth. Often they face hitches in raise finance when they open the business. If an industry to be winning, the organization must be fine. As Jerrys notice to the commerce is scarce, he has to employ superstar to run the company. As a boss, the being who undertake the duty should be clever to do preparation, jealous and organising. The major reason for the breakdown of the commerce is need of preparation. This will be determined by put superstar to mange. The moment topic is that the venture has no correct arrangement. Organisational association is the input craze for the victory. If there is no arrangement, the inter-relationship will not be fit distinct. This will be attributable for confusions inside the venture. When there is a arrangement, the workers will interrelate with every other according to that. One of the workers should be in accuse of day to day performance and all the performance should have the books, so that if there is any error, the organization will approach to recognize. The duty has to be kaput down into sector and given to suitable department. Every section should have a boss to direct the workers. All the employees errands and errands should be fined distinct. When the workers are agreed with convinced tasks, they will be enthused, so that the work income speed will go downwards. In order to inspire the workforce, the organization should prize them for their achievement and provide them the credit. They have to believe about the decrease of their possessions and property. By implement all of these data; Jerry can defeat the here state. Even while the sales are rising, the cash flow of the business is less than future. It illustrate that the charge is too high. The running should look for the probable habits to remain the rate downhill. An organisations goal must be to lessen cost and exploit revenue. If they be the rate down, the company will be rewarding. The company have to reject borrow wealth from the banks, so that they would not need to forfeit awareness for the currency that the banks borrow them. How would you review the performance of his business? (1b) In direct to reconsider the presentation of the industry, the work revenue, cash run and sale should be measured. If the work earnings rate is elevated, we can approach to a close that the workforce is not enthused or the work is not attractive. In command to inspire the workers, they should be known with some amount of gratitude and everyday jobs. The organization has loyal some mistake in recruit individuals and charitable them the fitting roles. As a result the workers are not stimulated and that has augmented the struggle earnings. The proprietor and the organization of the corporation have botched to diagram correctly when they begin the company. They have not adopted an organisational arrangement which is a necessary feature of the running. If they had adopted an arrangement, they would have been clever to make the most of their workers. We can review the act by consider the money flood as well. According to the point those are prearranged; the coins flow was awfully fewer. If this ruins, the troupe will face need of cash liquidity. It will formulate a force on fertility. This may pilot them to close the exchange. The fee is too tall and it has through a force on the cash flow. The cost is too high since the concern has lent too many workers. The recital of the business is deprived so distant, because of the neglectful of the running and the employees. They have not capitalised in key subject and which has lead the concern to a tricky state. The sales is rising, from this we can approach to an end that the souk is beautiful. If the business capitalises in its advertising, it can get better on its recital. Help Jerry identify his companys strengths and weaknesses. (1c) SWOT analysis of Zenith healthcare SWOT analysis is used to review the internal aspects of an organisation. By analysing the internal aspects of a business, present position of the company can be identified and the solutions to increase the performance will be taken. S stands for strengths, W stands for weaknesses, O stands for opportunity, and T stands for threats. The positive factors that help the performance of the business are the strengths of that business. Weaknesses are the factors that draw the company back and lead to poor performance. The potential chances to improve the business are opportunities. Threats are the factors which will affect the performance of the company. Strengths Sales are increasing and it illustrates that the business has a good demand among the public. This is strength to the company and it can capitalise on this. It is quite easy to the company to increase the sales further by implementing good marketing strategies. They can advertise the services by using TV, radio, news paper and internet, so that they can make an awareness of the products and services among the public. They have got competent staff in the company. Even though this is a good strength, the company is unable to get the full benefit of this as they do not have a proper structure. Because of having competent staff, the company can achieve the goals easily if they handle the staff well. The owner has good experience in this field as he has been working for NHS. This will strengthen the performance of the company to some extent. Weaknesses The company does not have proper plans and structure. These are the main weaknesses of the company. If there is no planning they cannot conduct the business successfully. Planning is the essential aspect in management and it is the key for the success. They have to estimate the resources that they need to conduct the customer service in a preferable way as a service providing establishment. Organisational structure is the base for the inter-relationship and it determines the performance. If there is no a certain structure there will be plenty of confusions, and the company cannot build the relationship among the employees. Cash flow of the company is less. It means that the transactions are not taking place in a regular basis. The cost is too high, so that the profit will be less. They are unable to keep the cost down. This is also a weakness of the company. This happened because of the lack of attention to the business by the administration. They have hired too many employees and it has a great impact on their cost. The lack in formal qualifications of the employees also will make an adverse impact on their performance to some extent. Opportunities New organisations hesitate to get into this market to establish their business. This is a great opportunity to the company to capitalise on the market. They have enough sales and that provides them an opportunity to make more profit by keeping the cost down. Threats The competition in the market is increasing and some new companies are embarking into the market. If the company fails to do a good marketing, they will lose the sales. In order to overcome this, they have to implement some marketing strategies. Net profit of the company is going down and this may lead the company to further troubles. In order to increase their net profit, they can refrain from borrowing money from the creditors and the banks. They have to make sure that there are no unnecessary expenditures. These are the threats that the company has. Recommended plans to capitalise on the companys strengths, and overcome its weakness. The ways to capitalise on the strengths To maintain and improve the sales, the company has to implement some marketing strategies. They have to advertise and make the public aware of the business. The company should provide a good service to the customers and carry the after sales service well. This will attract the customers and make them stick with the company. At the same time, the recognition that the company gains will help them to compete with the competitors even the competition goes up. If the owner pays enough attention to the business, he can improve his business as he got some experience in this field. Plans to overcome the weaknesses If the company adopts a suitable organisational structure, they can take the full advantage of having competent staff. They have to define the tasks of each employee to get the employees motivated. It is better to have a flat structure which will enable good communication within the organisation. It will also help to get the feedbacks in a quick time. In order to motivate the employees, the company can take some actions such as rewarding them when they succeed and, giving them responsibilities and recognition. When the new employees join the company, the company must provide them proper training, so that they will come to know about the work processes in a quick time. They have to lay off some of the employees who are not effective, so that they will be able to bring the cost down. It will improve their cash flow. They have to repay whatever they owe in the correct period of time and, they have to get the money from their debtors on time. These factors will also improve the cash flow. Jerry has bought you a one-week, return ticket to his holiday home in Florida. He wants you to help him investigate ways in which the business existing performance could be maintained and strengthened (2b). In order to maintain and strengthen the performance, the owner should review the business often and if he finds any errors, he should fix them. Meetings should be held often and the opinions of everyone should be considered. They must let every now about what happens by providing minutes. As a small business enterprise, it would be preferable to adopt flat structure. They should make sure that a good communication exists within the organisation. They can provide proper training to the employees and assign them suitable tasks. The company has to lay off some of their employees who are not effective or necessary. As a service providing company, they have to mainly focus on customer service. They can use some new technologies to expedite their service and get them effective. They can do the segmentation and target a particular sector to succeed in the market. They can advertise the service on TV, Radio, News paper and Internet. While you are with Jerry, could you also suggest new areas in which his business could be expanded? (2c) Introduction If the business is to be expanded, they can open a new branch where the company can make more profit. When they choose the place where they open the new branch, the management must consider whether the place can be accessed easily. They have to consider about the transportation factors of that particular area where the company will establish its new branch. When the company establish its business in a new area they will have to analyse the following factors. Political factors When they establish their business in a new area, they should make sure that the political situation in that area is conducive for the business. If there is terrorism or political instability in that particular area, it is better to refrain from establishing the business there as it will be much harder to conduct the business successfully in such an area. The company will have to take taxation issues in consideration as well. In some areas the taxations will be too high. They will have to avoid those places if there is not a good market. Economical factors When they open a new branch, they must make sure that the people in that area have the power to buy their goods or services. If the people have the power to buy, the company is going to have a good market. Social factors As a healthcare probably they would not need to analyse the social factors as everybody has to consult healthcare centres. Technological factors They have to consider whether they can have a good internet service in that particular area over which they can operate their business in a quick time. The company must have a network within the establishment as they will have to share everything with their staff. They will have to make sure that they will be able to get competitive advantages by using technologies such as TV and Radio. The message that they convey over those technical factors should reach the public. You realise that the moment has arrive where it would be appropriate for Jerry to review his existing business objectives and plans. Using your initiative, help your friend outline those key areas where attention should be given (3a). Key areas where the attention should be given Cost of products and service (improve the cash inflow) Human resources management (motivating employees and setting objectives to them) Marketing (Advertising and maintaining the sales) Customer service Planning and organising Organisational structure Above mentioned factors deserve some degree of attention and the management should pay their attention to those areas in order to improve the performance of the business. Accordingly, prepare action plans to implement changes (3c). In all the stages of the business, a company needs to make decisions. In that process, companies break down their tasks into small steps and do the planning to accomplish those tasks. The plans which are taken in this process are the action plans. A company may have several goals. Those goals should be broken down and each action should have a timescale. What actions you will take? How you will take action? Who or what will help you? Why you might not take action? When you will take action? Managers of the company should answer these questions when they plan to take actions. The planning process can be broken down into three steps. Understanding where the business is in the present Deciding where should it be Planning how to get there When preparing action plans the following aspects must be considered. Objectives what is the purpose of the action? Priorities whether or not the issue need attention immediately Benefits how the stakeholders are going to be benefitted by the action? Timescales and milestones consider when the action should be taken and the constraints of it. Financial and other resources the cost of the action should be taken into consideration. Responsibilities consider who will take the responsibility of the implementation of the action. Measuring success what will ensure your objectives are achieved and what will you use to measure the outcomes? Action plans to Zenith healthcare Actions to be taken Improve on the customer service Develop an organisational structure Develop marketing strategies Motivate employees Offer training to staff Reduce cost Improve the cash flow Develop the communication within the company Help Jerry assess the possible impact of changes on the business and his management team (4a). They can improve the customer service by expediting the service. In order to do this they have to improve their technology. The company will have to send money on buying new technical equipments. The company should adopt flat structure as a small business enterprise. In order to do this they will have to define the tasks of each employee and develop a culture. When this has been done, all the activities will be systematic. They can develop their marketing strategies by doing segmentation, advertising and promoting. This will let them to gain competitive advantages. The company has to motivate their employees by giving them recognition, rewarding for success and letting them contribute in decisions making. If the employees are motivated, they will do what they are supposed to do with determination. They have to let the new employees undergo a training program, so that it will not take much time to them to identify their roles and responsibilities. The company will have to improve the cash flow and which can be done by paying off creditors, get the money from debtors, reducing cost and maintaining stock. To get the money back from the debtors within the time, the company can give some discounts. In order to reduce cost, they should review all the processes and eliminate unnecessary expenditures. They can maintain the stock by carrying stock taking, also they can recognise the items which do not move and avoid stocking them. They should develop communication within the organisation by conducting meeting often and providing minutes to all of their stake holders. They can use the technology to build a network within the organisation and let the employees to access it. These actions will be helpful to get the feedback as well. Explain to Jerry how the implementation of changes should be managed (4b). Managing changes When a company brings up the changes to its managerial approaches, the management of the company should be particular about that. In the event, the changes have not been properly implemented those changes will push the company into severe difficulties instead of leading to success. In order to make the changes successful, the management has to monitor all the activities closely and carefully. Another important thing when a company brings up the changes is making the stake holders well aware of the purposes of the changes. This will alleviate confusions and conflicts. Team leaders should have the power to influence the employees and convince them of the importance of the changes. Some employees may misinterpret the actions and they may oppose them. Management has to make everyone understand the facts. Jerry is worried that the change process could go wrong. To assuage his fears, explain to Jerry how possible it would be to monitor changes in improvements and performance (4c). The changes should be brought to the business in order to improve on several aspects of business. It is quite compulsory to a business to change the strategies to withstand the fast changing environment. In the event the changes are implemented properly and monitored well, the management has no need to bother about the changes.

The Picture of Dorian Gray, by Oscar Wilde :: Literary Analysis

Dorian has accepted that his soul is full of sin. When he shows Basil his true form, the one with sin written across its face, he believes he has no hope to be good. He let's Basil in on the truth because the guilt of watching Basil praise him despite the rumors about him is too much to bear. Basil is shocked to see the gross, wrinkled effigy of Dorian and implores that they ask God for forgiveness. He believes there is still a chance, and Dorian only needs to repent his sins. Dorian says with skepticism,â€Å"It is too late, Basil† (Wilde, 140). He believes his turpitude is immutable. Because he lacks the will to lead a moral life, he feels fine killing Basil and black mailing friends to clean up the mess. When Alan Campbell is invited to Dorian’s house, he describes the situation upstairs to the chemist. The dead body is merely a thing on a chair resting its head on a table. Had he seen himself as a on who leads a moral life, he would not have invited Alan and turned himself in instead. Because he has already rationalized that he will forever live a corrupted life, he is not afraid to force a friend who has adamantly refused several times to clean up the dirty work to conceal his sins. The difference in attitude before and after his encounter with the mocking portrait is the belief in redemption. ____________________________________________________________________________ Inside the book is the psychological study of a Parisian man who makes it his life goal to live as hedonistically as possible, and undergo â€Å"all the passions and modes of thought that belonged to every century except his own† ([2] Wilde 109). The book is written in a way that captivates, with â€Å"metaphors as monstrous as orchids and as subtle in colour† ([2] Wilde 109). Wilde writes of the book as he would write the experience of getting into a drug-induced stupor, with all of the color and hallucinations that come with it. In a way, the contents are nearly spiritual, so that â€Å"one hardly knew at times whether one was reading the spiritual ecstasies of some mediaeval saint or the morbid confessions of a modern sinner† ([2] Wilde 109). Dorian’s response to it is fascination, then connection. It becomes a drug-like substance for him, and â€Å"Dorian Gray [cannot] free himself from the influence of this book† ([2] Wilde 111). The Picture of Dorian Gray, by Oscar Wilde :: Literary Analysis Dorian has accepted that his soul is full of sin. When he shows Basil his true form, the one with sin written across its face, he believes he has no hope to be good. He let's Basil in on the truth because the guilt of watching Basil praise him despite the rumors about him is too much to bear. Basil is shocked to see the gross, wrinkled effigy of Dorian and implores that they ask God for forgiveness. He believes there is still a chance, and Dorian only needs to repent his sins. Dorian says with skepticism,â€Å"It is too late, Basil† (Wilde, 140). He believes his turpitude is immutable. Because he lacks the will to lead a moral life, he feels fine killing Basil and black mailing friends to clean up the mess. When Alan Campbell is invited to Dorian’s house, he describes the situation upstairs to the chemist. The dead body is merely a thing on a chair resting its head on a table. Had he seen himself as a on who leads a moral life, he would not have invited Alan and turned himself in instead. Because he has already rationalized that he will forever live a corrupted life, he is not afraid to force a friend who has adamantly refused several times to clean up the dirty work to conceal his sins. The difference in attitude before and after his encounter with the mocking portrait is the belief in redemption. ____________________________________________________________________________ Inside the book is the psychological study of a Parisian man who makes it his life goal to live as hedonistically as possible, and undergo â€Å"all the passions and modes of thought that belonged to every century except his own† ([2] Wilde 109). The book is written in a way that captivates, with â€Å"metaphors as monstrous as orchids and as subtle in colour† ([2] Wilde 109). Wilde writes of the book as he would write the experience of getting into a drug-induced stupor, with all of the color and hallucinations that come with it. In a way, the contents are nearly spiritual, so that â€Å"one hardly knew at times whether one was reading the spiritual ecstasies of some mediaeval saint or the morbid confessions of a modern sinner† ([2] Wilde 109). Dorian’s response to it is fascination, then connection. It becomes a drug-like substance for him, and â€Å"Dorian Gray [cannot] free himself from the influence of this book† ([2] Wilde 111).

the great gatsby Essay -- Literature

Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby is a novel that explains the conflicts between love, sin, and death. It is a story of love and how love can be quickly lost or hidden beneath the surface. It reveals what people go through in this decade, as well as the novel’s decade. There are conflicts throughout the novel of lust, sin, and pure evil. It basically explains the way the human mind operates when the heart is completely and undeniably in love with another. The fact that the people in this novel went to the extreme to have the one they loved, innocent people tragically ended up in a realm of violence, betrayal, and their own undeserved death. The Great Gatsby is a novel that takes the reader back to the time of the â€Å"Jazz Age†. Times were simpler but love was confusing. The most explicit written by Cheever to Gatsby comes earlier in the story to alert the reader of the more subtle parallels to the novel that follow (Allen). Jay Gatsby had everything except for the one thing he desired most, Daisy. She was the love of his life, yet, unfortunately for him, she had already been married to Tom. This small predicament, however did not seem to stop Gatsby. Throughout the novel, one can see how Jay and Daisy’s love grows. What started out as a simple friendship grew much stronger. Meanwhile, while they were rekindling their love, Tom had another secret love of his own. He was seeing Myrtle Wilson, a woman who, herself, was already married as well to George Wilson. This novel is about the circle of love affairs that tie this group of individuals together. Unfortunately, by the end of this novel, no one ends up with their ‘happily ever after’. No one was truly satisfied with what they had. The way this group of friends interacted with each oth... ...e Work." The Great Gatsby: The Limits of Wonder. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1990. 11-15. Rpt. in Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism. Ed. Linda Pavlovski. Vol. 157. Detroit: Gale, 2005. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 24 Jan. 2012. Phelps, Henry C. "Literary History/Unsolved Mystery: The Great Gatsby and the Hall-Mills Murder Case." ANQ 14.3 (2001): 33. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 26 Jan. 2012. Sutton, Brian. "Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby." Explicator 59.1 (Fall 2000): 37-39. Rpt. in Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism. Ed. Linda Pavlovski. Vol. 157. Detroit: Gale, 2005.Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 23 Jan. 2012. Trask, David F. "A Note on Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby." University Review 33.3 (Mar. 1967): 197-202. Rpt. in Novels for Students. Ed. Diane Telgen. Vol. 2. Detroit: Gale, 1998. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 26 Jan. 2012.

Use of Prayer and Scripture in Cognitive-Behavior Therapy

This article talks about Cognitive-Behavior therapy and using prayer and scripture appropriately, how to approach using biblical/ Christian values in therapy. The journal also talks about an historical overview of behavioral therapy, throughout the years. The commentary discusses the two component of mindfulness, in which the first component engages self-guidance concentration and the second component engages implementing a meticulous direction that is distinguish by interest. He discusses the eight main features of the Christian approach to cognitive-behavior therapy. It also describes clear and unclear integration of scripture and prayer in â€Å"CBT†. The author speaks about the assessment process to determining the use of the Christian approach or standard approach in Cognitive Behavior therapy. The article explains the seven steps for inner healing prayer, but also says that it might not work for a more troubled individual. The Intervention section of the article covers different kinds of prayer and the diverse elements of prayer. Siang-Yang Tan explains in detail a case of a client dealing with depression, he also illustrated a word for word transcript on how the Bible, scripture and prayer was used in the clients therapy session. Siang-Yang Tan also says that â€Å"as with prayer, Scripture can also be misused or abused in therapy. However, the appropriate and ethical use of Scripture or the Bible in Christian CBT by a sensitive and prayerful therapist can be of significant help to Christian clients who seriously take the Bible to be the inspired Word of God and their ultimate authority in life (Tan, 1996). Interaction I became very interested in this journal after reading through the titles for the other journals, this one seemed so fascinating to me. I was also looking at journal article â€Å"Prayer in Counseling† in which I decided to make my second journal assignment. I started reading with the expectation of learning how to use prayer and scripture in therapy. By reading this article I learned of the historical overview of how prayer and scripture became a part of therapy. I also learned of the ethical and proper uses of prayer and scripture during â€Å"CBT† and also had a chance to read the illustration of different therapy sessions using different Christian approaches. It was very pleasing to see the key features of biblical approaches used in Cognitive-Behavior Therapy. I learned of the difference between Implicit and Explicit integration in therapy and it was used. Learning of how to conduct a pre-intervention assessment to establish the method of whether to use Standard or Christian CBT was very helpful. I discovered about the seven steps to inner healing prayer and how it might not be a good idea to use these methods on a more psychotic client. I would definitely want to research the use of scripture and prayer a little more and how effective it is in treating clients. I am glad to see that it actually help the client in the article and also how he showed his method of doing so with Christian CBT. It is so exciting to see that Biblical or Christian values can help heal a client. I would absolutely love working in a Christian Counseling setting where I would be able to share and teach a client about the Lord and still help them get through whatever crisis they might have.

Is a Fair Trade Policy Superior to a Free Trade Policy?

Graduate Business Ethics-Section 01 March 5, 2013 Is a Fair Trade Policy Superior to a Free Trade Policy? In the past 30 years the business world has changed tremendously because of globalization. It has allowed a trading relationship grow between the developed and developing countries. The United States has greatly profited from this relationship; American business have been able to cut their labor costs by moving majority of the low skilled jobs to countries such as China, India, and Mexico. In The Fair Play Debate, Joseph Stiglitz fights for fair trade.He believes fair trade policies are needed to protect the poor from the rich. On the other hand, Gary Hufbauer argues for free trade; stating that it is a superior policy because it can benefit everyone in the developed and developing world. I agree with Joseph Stiglitz in this matter, because I believe fair trade is the best policy for the business world today. When people speak of globalization they only speak of the â€Å"positi ves. † They say free trade has increased the American household income by lowering costs of products and this was possible because labor costs were cut.Joseph Stiglitz speaks of the other side of globalization. He states Americans who used to work these low skilled jobs have lost their jobs and are having a difficult time finding employment. Not only that, but the workers in these countries are also suffering because the work environment isn’t safe and they are underpaid. The unemployment rate in the United States has been increasing over the past 30 years. Factories have been closing and businesses have permanently shut down all over the U. S. Many Americans have packed up their belongings and moved to other areas to find work.In the article Can the Midwest Regain its Economic Clout, by Richard Longworth, it says places like Dayton, Cleveland, Detroit, and St. Louis have seen a decrease in their population because many have left to find work. These areas have lost anyw here from 40-60% of their populations. I understand from a business point of view globalization is a good way to make profit by keeping the cost down and individuals in other countries have work, however, the environment isn’t always safe and they are getting paid next to nothing.Meanwhile, in the United States, so many people are struggling to find a job and keep their families financially afloat. I believe if companies want to send the work overseas, they have to make fair trade rules. The working conditions need to better and so does the pay. This way both the rich businessmen and the poor workers benefit. I also believe that maybe not all the work from one company should be sent overseas; send some work there and keep some here, this way more people will benefit I think fair trade is the morally just way to conduct business.Not only will Americans benefit, but so will the workers in developing countries. Most importantly this would keep the rich from getting richer and th e poor from struggling to keep afloat. I believe this could really help close the gap between the two. It would also help lower the unemployment rate in the United States and will hopefully bring up the average household income. Fair trade will build a strong foundation and a sense of camaraderie with developing countries.

Prison Term Policy Recommendation Paper

In September 2011 there will be a vote on a bill that will double the prison sentence of anyone committing armed robbery, in the state of Wisconsin. The hope of the bill sponsors is that the increased penalties will deter a person from committing armed robbery. Senator McKenzie is aware of popular support for the bill; however, he has asked for my recommendation of whether or not the measure will have any genuine deterrent effect on the rate of incidence. When State Senator McKenzie asked me for my recommendation, I looked for studies on the deterrent effect of lengthy sentences, for armed robbery. The studies I read indicate that, whereas there may be a slight decrease in recidivism, the reduction was not significant enough to indicate that a longer sentence has a significant deterrent effect on those commit armed robbery. The reduction of crime is not directly contributable to the length of sentence. Rather than focus, too intently, on studies of the deterrent effect of stiffer penalties, I believe that it is more important to look at the other factors, which may lead a person to commit an armed robbery. There are three criminology theories in particular, which may influence a criminal’s decision to commit a violent crime. The biological theory theorizes that some people are ‘born to be bad’; something in his or her biological makeup causes them to behave in a violent fashion. The rational choice theory theorizes that people have free will and, if they commit a violent act it is that they choose to do so. Finally, the psychological theory theorizes that there is a psychological deficiency that leads a person to commit criminal acts. What is Armed Robbery? To begin, it is important to understand why armed robbery should receive greater penalties than non-armed robbery. When a person commits armed robbery, he or she is using, or threatening to use, a weapon; the criminal is intimidating the victim into relinquishing his or her money or property (CriminalDefenseLawyer. com, 2011). When weapons are involved, the danger that someone will be seriously harmed or killed significantly increases. The purpose of the bill, on focusing on armed robbery, is to deter criminals from using violence in the commission of his or her crime. The main question to be considered is; why does a criminal commit an armed robbery? Understanding this question may eventually lead to the genuine determination of how to reduce and eliminate crime; three theories of criminal behavior in particular may hold the key. Biological Theories The first theory to consider is the biological theory. Is there something in the fundamental makeup of an individual that may lead him or her to violence and criminal activities? Cesare Lombraso, a 19th century Italian medical doctor, is one of the best known scientific biological theorists. One of his theories posited that, if a person had an underdeveloped brain (e. g. inferior brain) they would be incapable of conforming to the rules and laws of society; because they would be unable to understand why what they are doing is wrong. Lombroso performed autopsies on numerous criminals, including an Italian soldier who attacked and killed eight of his fellow soldiers, and found deformities of the criminals’ brains. This led him to conclude that a reason for the criminal’s behavior was that the criminal had inferior reasoning capabilities, and therefore, the criminal could not understand the difference between what is right and wrong (Schmalleger, 2009). A biological theory, by evolutionary theorist Charles Darwin, theorized that because life favors the strongest and best individuals, those who are able to attain power and possessions are most likely to procreate, thus continuing his or her genes. Animals, including humans, are driven to ggression, and crime, to improve his or her economic and social positions; to facilitate his or her search for a mate (Schmalleger, 2009). Lombraso and Darwin determined that biology is the cause behind aggressive and criminal behavior. Rational Choice Theory A second theory is the classical school of criminology referred to as the rational choice theory, or free will. This theory posits that a person chooses to commit criminal acts; that circumstances su ch as social and economic hardships lead a person to commit crime. The theory maintains that a person will consider the pros and cons of committing a criminal act; if the benefits outweigh the punishment, the person will commit the crime (Law Library: Free Legal Encyclopedia, 2011). According to this theory, a person with low social standing, and often impoverished would be more likely to commit armed robbery to improve his or her economic conditions, thus improving his or her social position. Classical theorists Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham were two theorists who believed that if the punishment were greater than the benefits of the crime, individuals would be deterred from committing criminal (Schmalleger, 2009). However, this theory does not appear to take into account the desperation factor; if someone is impoverished, possible living on the streets, his or her desperation for basic requirements may be such that there is no deterrent strong enough to stop him or her. Psychological Theory The third theory is based on psychological factors. Sigmund Freud and J. Dollard proposed theories that, when a person is significantly frustrated, over a long period, aggression is the natural outcome (Schmalleger, 2009). According to this belief, if a person lives in depravation long enough, the individual will eventually become frustrated enough that he or she may resort to armed robbery, to improve his or her economic status. Another psychological theory, which is popular in current times, is that violent video games, television, and movies, are the driving force behind violent criminal activity. Lieutenant Colonel Dave Grossman, a former assistant professor of psychology at West Point, calls video game, â€Å"hypnotic murder simulators† (Schmalleger, 2009, p. 231). This theory posits that people become desensitized to violence and lose perspective; they no longer see right and wrong, therefore they may resort to criminal activity to obtain what they want. Whether any, or all, of these theories have merit, it is clear that there are factors other than simple greed that can lead to a person committing a violent crime such as armed robbery. Without being able to narrow down the factors of why a person is likely to commit an armed robbery, it is difficult at best to determine what will deter him or her from committing the crime. It is my belief that too many factors contribute to a person’s decision to commit the crime, to believe that simply lengthening the sentence will be effective. Studies Two studies in particular, on the deterrent effect of longer sentences on criminals committing armed robbery, indicate that although there may be a slight deterrent effect, there is not a significant deterrent effect by increasing sentence length. In 2006, Italy passed a bill that gave clemency to thousands of criminals with three or fewer years left on his or her sentences. If the criminals were to commit any further crimes within the next five years, not only would the individual have to serve the sentence for whatever crime was committed, the sentence would be extended by whatever time had not been previously served (University of Chicago Press Journals, 2009). This gave three scientists, Francesco Drego, Roberto Galbiati, and Pietro Vertova the opportunity to study the deterrent effect of longer sentences on recidivism rates. In 2009, the scientists published their discoveries in the Journal of Political Economy; the results indicate that an increase of sentencing, by as little as one month, reduced the recidivism rate by 1. 3% in less serious crimes; however, for criminals committing more serious offenses, of which armed robbery is one, there was virtually no deterrent effect (University of Chicago Press Journals, 2009). Although this study is encouraging for less serious crimes, it does not indicate that there is a significant reduction of serious and/or violent crimes because of the longer sentencing. Another study conducted by the economists David S. Lee of Columbia and Justin McCrary of Michigan, focused on Florida recidivism rates, discovered that even though imprisonment and sentences increase from three to 17% after the age of 18, depending on the seriousness of the crime, there was no significant drop in recidivism rates when juvenile criminals transitioned to adult courts. It was, in fact, because the individual was incarcerated and unable to commit more crimes that there was a drop in criminal activity between the ages of 17 and 19 (Waldfogel, 2007). Conclusion There are too many factors, which may cause a person to commit an armed robbery, to believe that simply lengthening the prison term will be effective. If a person is biologically inclined toward criminal activity, longer sentences will not be sufficient to override his or her biological ‘programming’. If they have inferior cognitive abilities, because of underdeveloped brains, they will be unable to comprehend the significance of a longer sentence; a longer sentence would have no more significance to them than a shorter sentence. If the person has endured frustration long enough that they feel his or her only choice it to take what they want by force, they are unlikely to consider the prison sentence before they commit the act. Or they may determine that even if they are caught, at least they will have a roof over their heads, food on their plate, and clothes on their back, if they are sent to prison. For some criminals this may, in fact, be an inducement to commit the crime. If a person has become psychologically ‘warped’ by social media, they may have lost the capability to judge right and wrong, thereby losing the capability to consider the consequences of his or her actions; a longer sentence would not be sufficient deterrence. Finally, if the person has made the choice, of his or her own free will, to commit an armed robbery, even after weighing the pros and cons, doubling his or her sentence is going to have very little deterrent effect. Many criminals believe that they will not be apprehended; or they believe they will be able to reduce their sentence through a plea bargain. When a criminal chooses to commit a crime, they are also choosing to accept the penalty should they be caught. Of the three theories, I believe that a criminal who falls under the rational choice theory has the best chance of being deterred. This criminal is the one who is most likely to understand the significance of a longer sentence. However, as the Italian and Florida studies indicated, imposing longer sentences did little to deter violent criminals. As violent crime is not, in my opinion, a rational act, it is unlikely that armed robbers would fall under the rational choice theory; hence, they are unlikely to be deterred by doubling their prison sentence. My Recommendation While I do not believe that doubling the prison sentences of armed robbers will have a significant deterrent effect on armed robbers, I do believe that it will have an effect on the crime rate. If the criminal is incarcerated for a long period, they are unable to commit further armed robberies. They will be segregated from society, and will be unable to further victimize society. Society will also receive psychological benefits from the new law; they will feel comforted by the fact that the individual is no longer able to victimize society. As the bill has popular support, from both the legislature and the public, I recommend that Senator McKenzie vote to pass the bill, when it comes up for a vote in September 2011. References CriminalDefenseLawyer. com. (2011). Armed Robbery. Retrieved 10 January 2011, from http://www. criminaldefenselawyer. com/crime-penalties/federal/Armed-Robbery. htm Law Library: Free Legal Encyclopedia. (2011). Classical School of Criminology. Retrieved 30 January 2011, from http://law. jrank. org/pages/14359/classical-school-criminology. html Schmalleger, F. (2009). Criminology Today: An Integrative Introduction, Fifth Edition. Retrieved 30 January 2011, from CJA 314. University of Chicago Press Journals (2009). Potential Criminals Can Be Deterred By Longer Sentences, Study Suggests. ScienceDaily. Retrieved 30 January 2011, from http://www. sciencedaily. com /releases/2009/05/090518111726. htm Waldfogel, J. (2007). The Irrational 18-Year-Old Criminal. Slate. Retrieved 30 January 2011, from http://www. slate. com/id/2158317/